Pathways for scaling solar-based irrigation technology ownership in Nigeria: suitability and key stakeholder mapping in Kebbi, Kano, and Kaduna states

Northern Nigeria’s floodplains offer significant potential for solar-based irrigation systems (SPIS) due to abundant solar resources and shallow groundwater. Despite this opportunity, adoption remains low, as farmers continue relying on costly fuel-powered pumps. The recent removal of fuel subsidies in Nigeria has intensified financial challenges, increasing interest in solar alternatives. Yet, high upfront costs, weak supply chains, and limited technical support continue to hinder uptake of SPIS. This report, developed under CGIAR’s Scaling for Impact Science programme, aims to co-design scalable SPIS pathways by engaging stakeholders and addressing systemic constraints.

Using a mixed-methods approach—53 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and 12 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in Kebbi, Kano and Kaduna states, the study consulted with farmers, government institutions, private-sector actors, development partners, non-government organizations and financial organizations. Findings show growing awareness of SBIS benefits but persistent skepticism linked to affordability concerns, unreliable equipment quality, and inadequate after-sales services. Adoption is highest in Kebbi, strengthened by state-led distribution, and lowest in Kaduna, where irrigation investment support has mainly targeted formal schemes. Successful models such as the Dankwali Rice Cluster in Kebbi highlight the value of cooperative ownership and collaborative governance.

The study identifies systemic gaps across financing, supply chains, technical capacity, and policy support. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated action through three pathways: enabling collective and individual investment; developing structured solar-based irrigation services; and fostering a self-sustaining SBIS ecosystem rooted in strong capacity, partnerships, and community governance. Hidden actors, such as off-takers and traditional leaders, also play critical roles in adoption. Insights from this assessment informed a subsequent Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) designed to quantify farmers’ preferences and guide tailored interventions for scaling SBIS across Nigeria.

Citation