It is argued that PES are designed as instruments with clear goals, and will function without markets, economic valuation, or commoditized services.


It is argued that PES are designed as instruments with clear goals, and will function without markets, economic valuation, or commoditized services.
The expansion of large-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia has taken a heavy toll on forests, biodiversity and carbon stocks but little is known about the environmental impacts from the smallholder sector.
